1.Herman William Daendels
Sumber : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendels
In 1785, he sided with the Patriots, who had seized power in several Dutch cities. In 1786 he defended the city of Hattem against stadholderian troops. In 1787, he defended Amsterdam against the Prussian army that invaded the Netherlands to restore William V of Orange. After William V was in power again, he fled to France because of a death sentence. Daendels was close witness to the French revolution.
He returned to the Netherlands in 1794, as a general in the French revolutionary army of general Charles Pichegruand commander of the Batavian Legion. Daendels helped unitarian politician Pieter Vreede to power in a coup d'étaton 25 January 1798. The group behind Vreede was dissatisfied with the conservative-moderate majority in parliament, which tried to prevent the formulation of a more democratic, centralistic constitution. The reign of Vreede did not bring the expected results, however, and Daendels supported another coup d'état against Vreede on 14 June 1798. In theBatavian Republic Daendels occupied several political offices, but he had to step down when he failed to prevent theAnglo-Russian Invasion of Holland in 1799, and became a farmer in Heerde, Gelderland.
Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies
Java Great Post Road, commissioned by Daendels.
Louis Bonaparte made Daendels colonel-general in 1806 and Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in 1807. After a long voyage, he arrived in the city of Batavia (now Jakarta) on 5 January 1808 and relieved the former Governor General, Albertus Wiese. His primary task was to rid the island of Java of the British Army, which he promptly achieved . He built new hospitals and military barracks, a new arms factories in Surabaya and Semarang, and a new military college in Batavia. He demolished the Castle in Batavia and replaced it with a new fort at Meester Cornelis (Jatinegara), and built Fort Lodewijk in Surabaya. However, his best-known achievement was the construction of the Great Post Road (Indonesian: Jalan Raya Pos) across northern Java from Anjer to Panaroecan. The road now serves as the main road in the island of Java, called Jalur Pantura. The thousand-kilometre road was completed in only one year, during which thousands of Javanese forced labourers died.
He displayed a firm attitude towards the Javanese rulers, with the result that the rulers were willing to work with the British against the Dutch. He also subjected the population of Java to forced labour (Rodi). There were some rebellious actions against this, such as those in Cadas Pangeran, West Java.
There is considerable debate as to whether he increased the efficiency of the local bureaucracy and reduced corruption, although he certainly enriched himself during this period.
2.Thomas Stamford Raffles
sumber : rmbr.nus.edu.sg/history/raffles.htm
|
|
Thomas Stamford Raffles was born at sea on board a ship Ann on the 6th of July, 1781 off the coast of Jamaica. In 1795, the young man accepted his first job in the East India Company as a clerk. But he studied hard in his spare time and in 1804, was posted to Penang (then Prince of Wales Island) and promoted to Assistant Secretary to the Presidency of that Malaysian island. His mastery over the Malay language made him indispensable to the British Government, and he was later appointed Malay translator to the Government of India. In 1811, he returned as the Lieutenant Governor of Java, and was soon promoted to Governor of Bencoolen (now Sumatra). On 19th January, 1819, Raffles founded modern Singapore and first mooted the idea which led to the establishment of the Raffles Museum on the island.
Stamford Raffles was deeply fascinated by the immense diversity of strange animals and plants of the East Indies during his tenure there. He soon employed zoologists and botanists to discover all they can about the animals and plants of the region and would pay his assistants out of his own pockets to collect specimens. He also revived and became the president of the Batavian Society which was actively engaged in the study of natural history of Java and adjacent area . |
|
|
Raffles' principal assistant Abdullah, also his Malay tutor, was engaged in packing all the stuffed skins and skeletons which numbered some one-thousand specimens. Earlier, throughout his time in Java and Sumatra, Raffles had sent home many consignments of creatures preserved in spirit. Lady Raffles recalls that Raffles' interest in biology was great as evidenced by references to plants and animals in most of his letters. He had compiled a long list of animals of which, he believed nothing is yet known beyond the name and native descriptions.
On his return journey to England in 1824 on the ship Fame, he lost a huge consignment of plant and animal specimens, notes, papers and even certain drawings to a fire aboard. Upon his return, he founded the now world famous Zoological Society of London of which he was its first president, and the London Zoo.
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles passed away a day before his 45th birthday in 1826. A few years earlier, in 1821 and 1822, he contributed two papers in the Transactions of the Zoological Society, London, with descriptions of some 34 species of birds and 13 species of mammals, chiefly from Sumatra. Most of the new species he named are valid today, and these animals will continue to remind us of the contributions he has made.
|
|
3.Van Den Bosch
Sumber : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_van_den_Bosch
He was recommissioned in the army as a Colonel and made Commander of Maastricht. He later became a Major General. Van den Bosch helped found the Society for the Founding of Poor Colonies and was especially associated with the Colony of Frederiksoord.Born at Herwijnen in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands, van den Bosch arrived in Java in 1797 as a lieutenant, but was quickly promoted to colonel. He departed in 1810, because of differences with Governor-GeneralDaendels. After his return to Holland in November 1813, Van den Bosch agitated for the return of the House of Orange.
In 1827, he became the commissary general and was sent back to Jakarta, where he was made Governor-General in 1830. Van den Bosch returned to the Netherlands five years later and took over the governing of the colony. He retired voluntarily in 1839, when he was elevated to the noble rank of Count and made Minister of State on December 25 of that year. Van den Bosch died on January 1844 at his estate in the Hague.
4.Multatuli
sumber : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multatuli
Biography
Eduard Douwes Dekker (2 March 1820 – 19 February 1887), better known by his pen name Multatuli (from Latinmulta tuli, "I have carried much"), was a Dutch writer famous for his satirical novel, Max Havelaar (1860), which denounced the abuses of colonialism in the Dutch East Indies (today's Indonesia). Dekker was born in Amsterdam. His father, a ship's captain, intended his son for trade, but this humdrum prospect disgusted him, and in 1838 he went out to Java and obtained a post as a civil servant. He moved from one posting to another, until, in 1851, he became assistant-resident at Ambon, in the Moluccas. In 1857 he was transferred to Lebak, in the Bantam residency of Java (now Banten province). By this time, however, all the secrets of Dutch administration were known to him, and he had begun to openly protest about the abuses of the colonial system. Consequently he was threatened with dismissal from his office for his openness of speech. Dekker resigned his appointment and returned to the Netherlands.
Statue of Multatuli on a square over the Singel canal in Amsterdam.
He was determined to expose in detail the scandals he had witnessed, and he began to do so in newspaper articles and pamphlets. Little notice, however, was taken of his protestations until, in 1860, he published his novel Max Havelaar under the pseudonym of Multatuli. Dekker's new pseudonym, which is derived from Latin, means, "I have suffered much", or, more literally "I have borne much" referring to himself, as well as, it is thought, to the victims of the injustices he saw. An attempt was made to suppress the inflammatory book, but in vain; it was read all over Europe. Colonialist apologists accused Dekker's horrific depictions of being hyperbolic. Multatuli now began his literary career, and published Love Letters (1861), which, in spite of their mild title, were mordant, unsparing satires.
Although the literary merit of Multatuli's work was widely criticised, he received an unexpected and most valuable ally inCarel Vosmaer who published a book (The Sower 1874) praising him. He continued to write much, and to publish his miscellanies in uniform volumes called Ideas, of which seven appeared between 1862 and 1877 and also contain his novel Woutertje Pieterse.
Dekker left Holland, and went to live in Ingelheim am Rhein near Mainz, where he made several attempts to write for the stage. One of his pieces, The School for Princes (published in 1875 in the fourth volume of Ideas), expresses his non-conformist views on politics, society and religion. He moved his residence to Nieder Ingelheim, on the Rhine, where he died in 1887.
Dekker had been one of Sigmund Freud’s favourite writers. He heads the list of ‘ten good books’ which Freud drew up in 1907.
In June 2002, the Dutch Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde (Society for Dutch Literature) proclaimed Multatuli the most important Dutch writer of all time.
Multatuli's brother, Jan Douwes Dekker, is a grandfather of Ernest Douwes Dekker (also known as Danudirja Setiabudi, an Indonesian National hero.
5.Conrad Theodore van Deventer
sumber : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Theodor_van_Deventer)
Early career
Van Deventer was a son of Christiaan Julius van Deventer and Anne Marie Busken Huet. His uncle was the writerConrad Busken Huet. He married Elisabeth Maria Louise Maas; they had no children.Van Deventer attended theH.B.S. in Deventer and studied law at Leiden University. He achieved his doctorate in September 1879 on the thesis: "Zijn naar de grondwet onze koloniën delen van het rijk" ("are, according to the constitution, our colonies part of the Dutch empire").On August 20, 1880 he was made available to the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies by theMinistry of Colonies to be appointed as civil service official.With his wife Van Deventer travelled in September 1880 to Batavia by steamboat Prins Hendrik;he was appointed court clerk at the Raad van Justitie (Council of Justice) atAmboina in December 1880. As early as 1881 Van Deventer was already seen by the public as an authority in the case of the issue of the economic position of the Dutch East Indies in relation to motherland the Netherlands. In lectures held during meetings of the "Indisch Genootschap" ("Indies Institute") his opinion on this matter was presented as very important.
In June 1882 Van Deventer was appointed court clerk at the "Landraden" (land boards) of Amboina, Saparua and Wahoo; he was also appointed auditeur militair (a legal position) at the court-martial in Amboina.In March 1883 he was appointed member of the Council of Justice in Semarang and that same year he wrote a series of articles in the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad, under de title Gedichten van F.L. Hemkes (poetry by F.L. Hemkes; Frederik Leonardus Hemkes was a Dutch poet, who lived in South-Africa (1854-1887) Van Deventer wrote in February 1884 an article in "Het Indisch Weekblad voor het Recht" (The Dutch Indies Journal of Law), called De Indische Militairen en het Koninklijke Besluit van 13 Oktober 1882 nummer 26 (The military in the Dutch East Indies and the royal order of October 13, 1882), in which he discussed the trial of a Buginese soldier in front of a civil (police) court instead of a military one. In April 1885 Van Deventer quit his job as a member of the Council of Justice in Semarang and was appointed lawyer and attorney at this Council of Justice. In this period of his life Van Deventer was also active as asecond lieutenant in the schutterij. That same year, 1885, he quit his job at the Council of Justice and joined the legal practice of LLM B.R.W.A. baron Sloet van Hagensdorp and LLM M.H.C. van Oosterzee; he replaced mr. Van Oosterzee, who would return to the Netherlands.
Home of Van Deventer from 1903 to 1915,
Surinamestraat 20, The Hague
Van Deventer worked as a private lawyer from 1885 to 1888. In May 1888 he took a leave for Europe and travelled with his wife by steamboat Prinses Amalia from Batavia to the Netherlands.[18] Back in Europe he wrote a series of articles, called De Wagner-feesten te Bayreuth (the Wagner festivals in Bayreuth), which he visited for the newspaper "De Locomotief";in this period Van Deventer was a permanent employee of this newspaper. He returned to the Dutch Indies on May 11, 1889 by steamboat Sumatra.He resumed his lawyers practice and also became commissioner of the limited liability company "Hȏtel du Pavillon". In September 1892 he was appointed acting member of the Committee of Directors of the Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (Dutch East Indian Railway Company).In July 1893 Van Deventer was promoted to the military rank of first lieutenant at the Schutterij in Semarang.
He left for a second short stay in Europe in May 1894 and was, after his return, appointed member of the supervisory committee of the HBS in Semarang.In the newspaper "Locomotief" he wrote an article called Samarangsche bazar - eigen hulp (Bazar of Samarang), in which he defended himself against accusations that the prospectus of this firm (Samarangsche bazar), made up by him, was not accurate. He left the Dutch East Indies (permanently) in April 1897 by steamboat Koningin-Regentes;back in Europe he visited the Wagner festivals and wrote about "Wagneriana" in The Locomotief of November 11 and December 16, 1897.In 1898 Van Deventer wrote several articles about the coronation celebrations in the Netherlands, where queen Wilhelmina was crowned, in the "Locomotief". He also wrote a series of four articles, called "Het Wilhelmus als Nederlands Volkslied" (the Wilhelmus as the Dutch national anthem), for the Locomotief that year and gave in the Locomotief his perspective on the Zola trial.
Early political career
In 1899 Van Deventer wrote a very influential article, called "Een Ereschuld" (a debt of honour) in the Dutch magazine "De Gids". In this article Van Deventer stated that the Netherlands had a dept of honor of nearly 190 million gulden opposite the Dutch East Indies and had to pay for this dept of honor. When the Dutch East Indian budget was discussed in the House of Representatives a lot of attention was paid to Van Deventer's article, although not all members agreed with the content of the article. Van Deventer was appointed member of the editorial board of "The Gids" as of January 1, 1901.Over the next years until his death he would write numerous articles in this magazine. In June 1901 Van Deventer accepted his candidacy for the electoral association Schiedam (for the Free-thinking Democratic League), located the Schiedam, for the elections for the House of Representatives, but was not chosen. In lectures Van Deventer showed himself a supporter for the installation of a Dutch East Indian House of Representatives in the Dutch East Indies. In June 1902 he was appointed member of the "Algemeen Nederlands Verbond" (General Dutch Covenant) and wrote in het "Tijdschrift voor Nederlands-Indië" (Magazine for the Dutch East Indies) together with others, a concept colonial program; in this program the authors stated that the administrative power should lie more with the residents of the Dutch East Indies and that the government of the Netherlands should limit it's interference to general government principles only. It seems contradictory that he also signed the telegram, send to general J. B. van Heutsz, in which he was complemented with the submission of Panglima Polim (a local leader), which was achieved by military force, in Aceh.
Van Deventer became a member of the board of the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (1903) and that same year attended the meeting in London of the "Institut Colonial International". In September 1904 he was appointed knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion. He kept writing articles in different magazines, other than The Gids; for instance he published a series of four articles in the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad in December 1904, called "Over de suikercultuur- en suikerindustrie" (about the sugar industry). On September 19, 1905 Van Deventer was elected as a member of the House of Representatives for the constituency Amsterdam IX and as such he emphasized his three focus points regarding Dutch East Indian policy: education, irrigation and emigration. He was also a promotor of the so-called Dutch Ethical Policy but at the same time said in a speech given in the House of Representatives on November 16, 1905, that if persuasion did not work it would be inevitable to use military force. In a series of articles in the "Soerabajasch Handelsblad" in August 1908 called "Insulinde's toekomst" (the future of the Dutch East Indies) he wrote about the importance of eductation and the creation of new jobs for natives on higher management levels. Van Deventer was not reelected and left the House of Representatives on 21 September 1909.
Later political career
Van Deventer was elected to be a member of parliament again on 19 September 1911, when he was appointed member of the Senate by the States-Provincial of Friesland. In this period he was also appointed as member of theMax Havelaar Foundation; this foundation was named after the famous book, written by Multatuli, and the aim of the foundation was the material and spiritual upliftment of the natives in the Dutch East Indies. In February 1912 Van Deventer made, as a member of the Senate, a journey of several months to the Dutch East Indies He visited almost all islands, including but not limited to Sumatra, Java, Celebes and Borneo. He remained a Senate member until September 16, 1913, when he was reelected as a member of the House of Representatives for the constituencyAssen. He kept this position until his death, on September 27, 1915. In June 1914 he was appointed official delegate of the Netherlands at the International Opium Conference held in The Hague. In 1913 he founded the KartiniFoundation in order to be able to establish girl schools in the Dutch East Indies. In September 1915 Van Deventer became seriously ill (he suffered from peritonitis) and was nursed at the Red Cross hospital in The Hague. He died at the age of 57 on September 27, 1915 and his body was cremated at Westerveld (Driehuis).
6.Van der Cappellen
sumber : id.wikipedia.org/.../Godert_Alexander_Gerard_Philip_baron_van_der_Capellen ,en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batusangkar
Mr.Godert Alexander Gerard Philip baron van der Capellen ( born in Utrecht , December 15, 1778 - died in De Bilt , Utrecht , 10 April 1848 at the age of 69 years ) was the first ruler of the Dutch East Indies after the ruling in the Indian controlled by the United Kingdom for several years . At the Congress of Vienna , was given back to the Dutch East Indies and the Netherlands.Van der Capellen , ruled between August 19, 1816 - January 1, 1826. He was Governor - General of the Dutch East Indies to - 41 .He is a liberal -minded , spirit blows in the middle of Europe after the French Revolution . But soon he saw that the application of the principle of laissez - faire will be detrimental to small farmers in Java and some other Dutch territories because rich people ( read : the Netherlands ) will soon mastered a lot of land and let the farmers and farm workers have lost their livelihoods , a state that has ever occurred in the 18th century , during the VOC .In his time he also had to face the undermining Raffles , as Commissioner General of Bengkulu , which is trying to master Sumatra and Kalimantan to master the king of Great Britain . Dispute was resolved with the signing of the Treaty of London in 1824 . Other security issues that must be faced is the Padri War in Minangkabau , Java War , Palembang sultan resistance , and rebellion in Maluku .To improve the economic situation , Van der Capellen trying to advance their economy , mostly farmers . He stopped paying rent land in the Great State of Mataram , to help farmers .However, this action raises protests from landowners and nobility into resistance . Came the war , led by a prince of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta , Prince Diponegoro , who is known as the Java War between the years 1825-1830 . In Maluku , he reduced most of the spice trade monopoly to reduce injustice and people's resistance .To promote agriculture and education , he founded the " Department of Agriculture , Arts , and Sciences for Java " in charge of promoting agriculture through public and professional education and research in the field of biology . Prof . C.G.K. Reinwardt ( known also as the director of the first Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens ) was appointed as the first person to occupy this portfolio . In his time , removed the Education Act ( 1916) . As an implementation built elementary schools for all classes of citizens . However, the response of non - Dutch people are very quiet because of the teaching of these schools teach the language of Dutch and European institutions . Recognizing this van der Capellen ordered an inquiry into the indigenous education system so that it can be modernized . It can be said this is the first attempt to incorporate the principles of European education to the indigenous people of Indonesia.In the health sector , the challenges that must be faced is the spread of smallpox . Reinwardt strive aware of the importance of sanitation and that residents are willing to be immunized . Immunization was successfully executed and successfully suppressed the spread of smallpox .Van der Capellen very liberal upper class is not favored in the Dutch East Indies as too weak . In 1824 he was called back to the Netherlands and in 1826 the position of Governor-General submitted to Merkus Hendrik de Kock .In honor of his services , in the city Batusanggkar, Tanah Datar regency capital fortress founded by name , the Fort Van der Capellen
The town is near the former seat of the Minangkabau royalty established by Adityawarman in Pagaruyung, represented by the reconstructed Pagaruyung Palace. A number of stones bearing inscriptions (prasasti) left by Adityavarman that remain in the region are the first written records in West Sumatra. After the death of Adityavarman (1375) no more stone inscriptions were produced.
Indo jelito building is the residence of the regent Tanah Datar each regent who served, automatically they will live here, this building itself is a former residence of the Dutch resident van der Capellen during colonial times, once with a strong architectural style of art deco style buildings that characterize the Dutch.
7.Willem Janssen
sumber : id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Willem_Janssens
Jan Willem Janssens (12 October 1762 – 23 May 1838) was a Dutch nobleman, soldier and statesman who served both as the governor-general of the Cape Colony and Dutch East Indies
- 1 Early life
- 2 Batavian Republic
- 3 Kingdom of Holland and the French Empire
- 4 Post-Napoleonic War career
- 5 Decorations and medals[2]
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
Early life
Born in Nijmegen, his military career began at the age of nine when he became a cadet in the Dutch army. He rose through the ranks and by 1793, at the start of the Napoleonic Wars, he held the rank of colonel, and was wounded in the campaign.
Batavian Republic
The Dutch surrender in 1795 made way for the mostly peaceful establishment of the Batavian Republic, a satellite stateunder Napoleon's growing empire. From 1795 to 1802, Colonel Janssens served mostly as an administrator within the new Batavian Army. He was appointed governor-general of the Cape Colony upon its return to the Dutch by the British under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. Arriving in early 1803, he attempted to strengthen the defences of the colony, but found resources lacking, having few trained troops at his disposal and the political situation tenuous at best. During this time, he was promoted to Lieutenant-General.
The start of the War of the Third Coalition marked another British invasion of the Cape Colony. Janssens was under no impression that he had the ability to defeat the British force, led by
Lieutenant-General Sir David Baird, yet he mobilized his forces and engaged the British on 8 January 1806, at the Battle of Blaauwberg, near Cape Town. His force was routed and the Cape Colony was surrendered to the British for the last time on January 18. Under the terms of the surrender, Janssens was transported back to the Netherlands, arriving at the Hague on 8 June 1806.
By the time Janssens surrendered to the British, the war in Europe had ended with the Treaty of Pressburg. When he returned to the Netherlands, Napoleon had already installed his brother Louis Bonaparte as the king of the newly formed Kingdom of Holland.
Kingdom of Holland and the French Empire
Louis Bonaparte named Janssens Secretary-General of the Department of War upon his return. He held a series of high-ranking administrative posts within the kingdom until the abdication of Louis Napoleon and the annexation of the Netherlands by France in 1810. On 11 November 1810, he was appointed governor-general of the territory known, before the annexation, as the Dutch East Indies, replacing Herman Willem Daendels. He arrived in Batavia, Java on 15 May 1811 and immediately involved himself in efforts to strengthen the colony's defenses. Java benefited from a larger amount of both Dutch and French troops, as well as better defenses, compared to the Cape Colony. However, theBritish invasion fleet arrived shortly thereafter, on 30 July, led by Sir Samuel Auchmuty.
Janssens mounted a defense that centered around the existing fortifications, namely Meester Cornelis. However, the French soldiers under his command lacked well-trained officers and as the British laid siege to the fortress, Janssens personally led a futile defense and was forced to retreat to Buitenzorg (later the place of residence of the British governor-general, Sir Stamford Raffles. A large number of French soldiers were captured during the retreat and ensuing pursuit and Janssens was forced to surrender on 18 September 1811. He was imprisoned in Britain until 12 November 1812, when he was repatriated to the Netherlands.
He was involved in some minor engagements in the ensuing years, until he resigned his post in the French Army on 9 April 1814.
